Finding Compelling Characters Through Pre-Reporting for Narrative Journalism

Cross identifies the challenge of narrative writing as finding a viable story centered around a compelling character. She defines a narrative as a character who navigates through an ordeal that leads to insight or change. This ordeal must generate tension, a vital element described by screenwriter Aaron Sorkin as “intent and obstacle,” where the character's desires are obstructed by challenges.

Rejections of story pitches often stem from their lack of specificity. Writers may engage with a general topic, but to transform it into a story, they must find a person who embodies the struggle related to that issue. Editors frequently advise writers to “put a human face on it,” highlighting the need for a character whose specific struggles create narrative tension.

To find such characters, Cross suggests looking for individuals in communal settings related to the issue at hand. This could include places like food assistance lines, senior centers, or organized events such as protests or community gatherings. Engaging with advocacy groups can also be beneficial, as these organizations are often eager to raise awareness and may connect journalists with individuals willing to share their stories.

Useful questions during these initial informational interviews include:

- What are the biggest challenges of the issue that most people don’t understand?

- Can you connect me with someone who is facing these challenges?

- How open might this person be to working with me, and what concerns might they have?

- What additional information should I explore before meeting this person?

As journalists refine their pitches, they should consider the key questions that editors will likely ask:

- Why does this story matter?

- Who is the target audience?

- Is there a timely element or hook involved?

- What makes the writer uniquely qualified to tell this story?

Identifying a central character and formulating answers to these questions are essential steps in developing a robust story proposal. Following this pre-reporting phase, writers may proceed with interviews that deepen their narrative understanding.

Kim Cross is a journalist and bestselling author with works including "What Stands in a Storm" and "In Light of All Darkness." She teaches feature writing for Harvard’s Graduate School of Journalism.